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The Chinese army numbered an estimated 15,000 in Tientsin plus Boxers armed with swords, spears, and antique guns, although the number of Boxer combatants was diminishing rapidly as the movement was fading back into the countryside from where it came. The Western and Japanese soldiers defending the foreign settlements were initially stretched thin, and all communication with the coast and the allied fleet was cut off for several days. The Chinese began bombarding the foreign settlement with artillery on 17 June. As a result of the 17 June attack by the foreign armies on the Dagu Forts, the Qing government of China took the side of the Boxers and ordered the army to attack the foreign settlements. The Chinese army near Tientsin stood by and awaited orders from Peking to either support the Boxers or protect the foreigners. They were driven off by volleys of fire from the defenders. On 16 June, a mob of partially armed Boxers advanced on the foreign settlement. Thousands of Boxers from the countryside converged upon Tientsin, and on 15 June 1900, they rampaged through the walled city destroying Christian churches and killing Chinese Christians. The Americans, British, and Japanese attacked the walled city from the south the Russians attacked it from the east. The foreign concessions are shown on the far right, just inside the low mud wall that surrounds Tientsin and environs.
The walled (Chinese) city of Tientsin, at the center of this map, was one mile (1.6 km) square. With so many nationalities among the Allied force, no overall commander was appointed. The allied military force was composed of soldiers, sailors, and marines from Great Britain, the United States, Japan, France, Russia, Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary. Another 2,000 were with Admiral Seymour along the railway line between Tientsin and Peking, attempting to march to Peking to protect the foreign community there. In early June 1900, in response to the growing threat of the Boxers (Militia United in Righteousness, Yihetuan), which was a militant, anti-foreign and anti- Christian peasant movement, six countries with interests in China sent 2,400 troops to Tientsin to guard the foreign settlements. A low mud wall, less than 10 ft tall (3.0 m), surrounded at a distance of several hundred yards (half km) both the higher walls of the old city and the foreign settlements. Among the civilians living in the foreign settlement were Herbert Hoover, a future president of the United States, and his wife Lou Henry Hoover. In the foreign settlements resided 700 foreign civilians, mostly European merchants and missionaries, along with tens of thousands of Chinese servants, employees, and businessmen. About one million Chinese lived within the walled city or in satellite communities outside the wall. To the southeast, one to two miles away (1.6 to 3.2 km), along the Hai River, was the treaty port and foreign settlements, a half-mile wide (0.8 km).
To the northwest was the ancient high-walled Chinese city, one mile (1.6 km) on each side. Tientsin, in 1900, consisted of two adjacent, but very different sub-divisions. The capture of Tientsin gave the Eight-Nation Alliance a base to launch a rescue mission for the foreign nationals besieged in the Legation Quarter of Beijing and to capture Beijing in the Battle of Peking (1900). A multinational military force, representing the Eight-Nation Alliance, rescued a besieged population of foreign nationals in the city of Tientsin ( Pinyin: Tianjin) by defeating the Chinese Imperial army and Boxers. The Battle of Tientsin, or the Relief of Tientsin, occurred on 13–14 July 1900, during the Boxer Rebellion in Northern China.
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